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As a new mom, you’ve accomplished something incredible by bringing a new life into the world. Whether your delivery was smooth or complicated, your body has undergone a significant experience and needs time to heal. Your postpartum recovery isn’t just a quick process; it can take months for your body to bounce back fully.
Even though many women start feeling better after 6-8 weeks, it’s okay if it takes longer for you. Your body doesn’t operate on a strict schedule, so be patient with yourself. Continue reading to discover the potential changes you may encounter in the year following vaginal birth, as well as tips to speed up postpartum healing.
During the first six weeks after childbirth, it’s essential to pay attention to your body as you recover. While you’ll likely be tired and focused on caring for your baby, try to notice any changes in your own body, as this is crucial for your healing process.
Perineum soreness is common after childbirth, as this area, located between the vagina and anus, often tears or may require a small cut to facilitate childbirth. Even if no tearing or episiotomy occurred, soreness and swelling in the perineum are typical postpartum.
You can alleviate soreness with ice packs, sitting on a soft surface, and using a squirt bottle with warm water for hygiene. Pressing a clean pad or washcloth against the area when moving your bowels can help reduce pain and prevent infection.
If perineal soreness does not improve daily or signs of infection develop, it’s important to notify your doctor for further evaluation and management.
After childbirth, it’s normal to have vaginal bleeding and discharge for several weeks as your body sheds excess tissue and blood from the uterus. Initially bright red, the discharge gradually lessens and changes colour before stopping completely around six weeks postpartum. Heavier discharge may occur in the first ten days, and passing small clots is common. However, contact your doctor if clots are larger than a quarter.
It’s common to experience uterine contractions similar to menstrual cramps that occur for a few days. These contractions are a natural part of the postpartum process as your uterus shrinks back to its pre-pregnancy size, reducing from about 2.5 pounds immediately after delivery to just a couple of ounces within six weeks. The intensity of afterpains may increase while breastfeeding because nursing triggers the release of chemicals that cause the uterus to contract.
Constipation is common after delivery, often due to pain medications received during labour and concerns about causing discomfort to stitches. Staying hydrated, eating fibre-rich foods, and using stool softeners can help alleviate this issue.
After a vaginal delivery, you may experience difficulty urinating due to stretched urethra and potential nerve and muscle damage and pouring water over your genitals while on the toilet can ease discomfort.
Additionally, you might notice urinary leakage, which usually improves over time. To aid recovery, perform kegel exercises by tightening pelvic floor muscles for a few seconds, gradually increasing repetitions and sets to strengthen muscles and improve urinary control.
In the first few days postpartum, you may experience breast swelling and soreness as your body adjusts to lactation. Your breasts produce colostrum, a nutrient-rich substance vital for your baby’s immune system followed by milk, leading to swelling. Nursing or pumping can relieve swelling and tenderness.
Due to shifting hormone levels, it’s common for hair to thin in the first few months postpartum, as the high hormone levels during pregnancy that promote hair growth decrease. This thinning is temporary and typically resolves on its own. Skin changes, such as red or purple stretch marks on the belly and breasts, may occur but usually fade over time.
After childbirth, it’s common to still appear pregnant due to residual fluid retention and the uterus not yet returning to its pre-pregnancy size. However, most women lose about 13 pounds (6 kilograms) during delivery, which includes the baby’s weight, placenta, and amniotic fluid.
You’ll shed additional weight from excess fluids in the days following delivery.
After childbirth, some women may develop haemorrhoids from the strain and pushing during delivery, which are swollen veins in the rectal area. They can itch, cause pain, and bleed after a bowel movement, causing pain and itching. Applying witch hazel can provide relief from these symptoms.
After birth, your body changes, one of which is water retention, also known as oedema. This can cause swelling in your hands, legs, and feet. It happens because of increased levels of the hormone progesterone. While you might be eager for the swelling to go away after giving birth, it typically takes about a week to subside. If it lasts longer or worsens, it’s essential to inform your doctor.
It’s common to experience sore muscles throughout your body, similar to how you might feel after an intense workout. This soreness is a result of physical exertion during labour and delivery. You may notice the soreness lingering for a few days afterwards. Areas where you held tension during labour, like your arms, neck, or jaw, may feel particularly sore. This discomfort is normal and should gradually improve as your body recovers from childbirth.
Your body has undergone significant physical and hormonal changes, so fatigue is normal. Resting as much as you need during this time is important, as many healthcare providers suggest sleeping whenever your baby does. Maintaining a healthy diet and staying hydrated can help replenish your energy levels over time. Remember to listen to your body and take breaks when needed as you adjust to life with a newborn.
Postpartum night sweats are common due to hormonal changes. While they can be uncomfortable, they’re not a cause for concern. Stay hydrated by drinking enough water and maintaining a cool sleeping environment to alleviate discomfort. Night sweats typically subside within a couple of weeks as your body adjusts to postpartum changes.
Postpartum vaginal dryness is a common and normal occurrence, especially for women who are nursing. This dryness occurs due to lower estrogen levels, further reduced in breastfeeding mothers. As a result, sex may become uncomfortable or painful, and light bleeding may occur. While vaginal dryness can be bothersome, it’s usually temporary and tends to improve over time as hormone levels stabilize.
Using a water-based lubricant during intercourse can help alleviate discomfort. If vaginal dryness persists or causes significant discomfort, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.
Vaginal laxity, or a feeling of looseness in the vagina, is a common concern among postpartum individuals. After childbirth, it’s normal for a person’s vagina to appear wider than it did before giving birth.
While the vagina may not return to its pre-birth shape, this is generally not a cause for concern. Pelvic floor exercises, such as Kegel exercises, can help tone the vaginal muscles and enhance sexual pleasure, although various factors influence sexual pleasure.
It’s common for some women to experience pain during sex, known as dyspareunia. Research shows that 37.5% of women report this discomfort after giving birth, while 45.3% reported a decreased interest in sexual activity.
Most doctors recommend waiting about 4–6 weeks after vaginal delivery before having sex again. This waiting period allows time for your body to heal, especially if you had an episiotomy or perineal tear during delivery. Having sex too soon can increase the risk of complications like postpartum haemorrhage or uterine infection.
During childbirth, if the vaginal canal cannot stretch enough to deliver the baby, the perineum may tear naturally, or the doctor may perform an episiotomy, a deliberate incision to widen the opening. After healing, scar tissue may form around the tear or incision site, which can sometimes become excessive, raised, or itchy.
Perineum soreness is common after childbirth, as this area, located between the vagina and anus, often tears or may require a small cut to facilitate childbirth. Even if no tearing or episiotomy occurred, soreness and swelling in the perineum are typical postpartum.
You can alleviate soreness with ice packs, sitting on a soft surface, and using a squirt bottle with warm water for hygiene. Pressing a clean pad or washcloth against the area when moving your bowels can help reduce pain and prevent infection.
If perineal soreness does not improve daily or signs of infection develop, it’s important to notify your doctor for further evaluation and management.
After childbirth, it’s normal to have vaginal bleeding and discharge for several weeks as your body sheds excess tissue and blood from the uterus. Initially bright red, the discharge gradually lessens and changes colour before stopping completely around six weeks postpartum. Heavier discharge may occur in the first ten days, and passing small clots is common. However, contact your doctor if clots are larger than a quarter.
It’s common to experience uterine contractions similar to menstrual cramps that occur for a few days. These contractions are a natural part of the postpartum process as your uterus shrinks back to its pre-pregnancy size, reducing from about 2.5 pounds immediately after delivery to just a couple of ounces within six weeks. The intensity of afterpains may increase while breastfeeding because nursing triggers the release of chemicals that cause the uterus to contract.
Constipation is common after delivery, often due to pain medications received during labour and concerns about causing discomfort to stitches. Staying hydrated, eating fibre-rich foods, and using stool softeners can help alleviate this issue.
After a vaginal delivery, you may experience difficulty urinating due to stretched urethra and potential nerve and muscle damage and pouring water over your genitals while on the toilet can ease discomfort. Additionally, you might notice urinary leakage, which usually improves over time. To aid recovery, perform kegel exercises by tightening pelvic floor muscles for a few seconds, gradually increasing repetitions and sets to strengthen muscles and improve urinary control.
In the first few days postpartum, you may experience breast swelling and soreness as your body adjusts to lactation. Your breasts produce colostrum, a nutrient-rich substance vital for your baby’s immune system followed by milk, leading to swelling. Nursing or pumping can relieve swelling and tenderness.
Due to shifting hormone levels, it’s common for hair to thin in the first few months postpartum, as the high hormone levels during pregnancy that promote hair growth decrease. This thinning is temporary and typically resolves on its own. Skin changes, such as red or purple stretch marks on the belly and breasts, may occur but usually fade over time.
After childbirth, it’s common to still appear pregnant due to residual fluid retention and the uterus not yet returning to its pre-pregnancy size. However, most women lose about 13 pounds (6 kilograms) during delivery, which includes the baby’s weight, placenta, and amniotic fluid.
You’ll shed additional weight from excess fluids in the days following delivery.
After childbirth, some women may develop haemorrhoids from the strain and pushing during delivery, which are swollen veins in the rectal area. They can itch, cause pain, and bleed after a bowel movement, causing pain and itching. Applying witch hazel can provide relief from these symptoms.
After birth, your body changes, one of which is water retention, also known as oedema. This can cause swelling in your hands, legs, and feet. It happens because of increased levels of the hormone progesterone. While you might be eager for the swelling to go away after giving birth, it typically takes about a week to subside. If it lasts longer or worsens, it’s essential to inform your doctor.
It’s common to experience sore muscles throughout your body, similar to how you might feel after an intense workout. This soreness is a result of physical exertion during labour and delivery. You may notice the soreness lingering for a few days afterwards. Areas where you held tension during labour, like your arms, neck, or jaw, may feel particularly sore. This discomfort is normal and should gradually improve as your body recovers from childbirth.
Your body has undergone significant physical and hormonal changes, so fatigue is normal. Resting as much as you need during this time is important, as many healthcare providers suggest sleeping whenever your baby does. Maintaining a healthy diet and staying hydrated can help replenish your energy levels over time. Remember to listen to your body and take breaks when needed as you adjust to life with a newborn.
Postpartum night sweats are common due to hormonal changes. While they can be uncomfortable, they’re not a cause for concern. Stay hydrated by drinking enough water and maintaining a cool sleeping environment to alleviate discomfort. Night sweats typically subside within a couple of weeks as your body adjusts to postpartum changes.
Postpartum vaginal dryness is a common and normal occurrence, especially for women who are nursing. This dryness occurs due to lower estrogen levels, further reduced in breastfeeding mothers. As a result, sex may become uncomfortable or painful, and light bleeding may occur. While vaginal dryness can be bothersome, it’s usually temporary and tends to improve over time as hormone levels stabilize.
Using a water-based lubricant during intercourse can help alleviate discomfort. If vaginal dryness persists or causes significant discomfort, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.
Vaginal laxity, or a feeling of looseness in the vagina, is a common concern among postpartum individuals. After childbirth, it’s normal for a person’s vagina to appear wider than it did before giving birth.
While the vagina may not return to its pre-birth shape, this is generally not a cause for concern. Pelvic floor exercises, such as Kegel exercises, can help tone the vaginal muscles and enhance sexual pleasure, although various factors influence sexual pleasure.
It’s common for some women to experience pain during sex, known as dyspareunia. Research shows that 37.5% of women report this discomfort after giving birth, while 45.3% reported a decreased interest in sexual activity.
Most doctors recommend waiting about 4–6 weeks after vaginal delivery before having sex again. This waiting period allows time for your body to heal, especially if you had an episiotomy or perineal tear during delivery. Having sex too soon can increase the risk of complications like postpartum haemorrhage or uterine infection.
During childbirth, if the vaginal canal cannot stretch enough to deliver the baby, the perineum may tear naturally, or the doctor may perform an episiotomy, a deliberate incision to widen the opening. After healing, scar tissue may form around the tear or incision site, which can sometimes become excessive, raised, or itchy.
During the postpartum period, it’s common for many new mothers to experience what’s known as the “baby blues“, which are feelings of sadness, mood swings, or irritability that can occur in the days or weeks following childbirth. This is unclear, especially if you’re happy and excited about bringing your baby home. It’s important to know that this is quite normal and is experienced by some women in the first few weeks after giving birth.
These feelings are often triggered by hormonal changes in your body and the emotional adjustment to becoming a parent and adapting to your new role and responsibilities. You shouldn’t feel ashamed; talking to a friend or family member about how you’re feeling can often help.
However, suppose these feelings persist for over a few weeks or start affecting your ability to function. In that case, it’s important to seek help from a healthcare provider, as you may be experiencing postpartum depression. This is a more severe and prolonged form of mood disturbance compared to the baby blues. It can manifest as mood swings, persistent sadness, anxiety, and feelings of guilt.
Unlike the baby blues, which typically resolve within a few weeks, PPD can persist for an extended period. Certain risk factors, such as a history of depression, experiencing multiple life stressors, and having a family history of depression, can increase the likelihood of developing PPD.
Seeking support from healthcare professionals and loved ones is crucial for managing and treating postpartum depression effectively.
To alleviate discomfort after childbirth, take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for aches from pushing. Ibuprofen is often recommended while breastfeeding, as it has minimal impact on your baby and is effective against crampy pains. Additionally, hot showers, heating pads, or massages can help ease overall achiness.
Apply ice to the area every few hours within the initial 24 hours. Before and after urination, use warm water to prevent irritation of torn skin. Additionally, try warm sitz baths for about 20 minutes daily to alleviate discomfort. If a sitz bath isn’t available, a regular bath can suffice. It’s advisable to avoid prolonged periods of standing or sitting and sleeping on your side can be more comfortable.
While breastfeeding, it’s essential to continue taking your prenatal vitamins. These supplements contain crucial nutrients like folic acid, iron, and calcium, which can help replace lost nutrients during pregnancy and support your body’s healing process after childbirth.
After childbirth, many women experience weakened pelvic floor muscles, which can lead to difficulties controlling the bladder. To address this issue, you can perform Kegel exercises.
After giving birth, your first bowel movement may take some time, so it’s important not to force it. Avoid straining during bowel movements, as it can lead to severe haemorrhoids, delay healing of the perineum, and increase the risk of incisional hernias, particularly in the postpartum period.
To help things along, consume plenty of fibre-rich foods like whole grains, fruits such as kiwis, and leafy green vegetables. Taking walks can also encourage bowel movements. Additionally, consider discussing the use of gentle stool softeners with your doctor.
Apply warm compresses or ice packs and gently massage the breasts to alleviate discomfort. Wear a comfortable nursing bra and allow your breasts to air out after nursing sessions. Applying lanolin cream can help prevent or treat cracked nipples.
Being patient with yourself as you adjust to life with a newborn is important. Allow yourself to experience a range of positive and negative emotions, as this is normal. Don’t hesitate to seek support from others if you need it, as there’s no shame in asking for help during this significant life transition.
Ask your family, friends, or neighbours for help with tasks or emotional support. Whether it’s taking a nap or going for a walk, having assistance can provide much-needed relief for your mental and physical well-being during this challenging time.
Focus on a balanced diet of five smaller meals throughout the day. To combat fatigue and alleviate constipation, incorporate complex carbohydrates and protein for sustained energy and fibre-rich foods like fruits, leafy greens, and whole grains to prevent haemorrhoids. Opt for snacks like whole wheat toast with peanut butter, carrots with hummus, or yoghurt with berries for antioxidants. Stay hydrated by drinking at least 64 ounces of water daily.
Checking in with your doctor is crucial to ensure your body is healing properly after childbirth. Your OB/GYN can provide medical guidance and support, addressing physical concerns. Additionally, they can offer emotional support and guidance, helping you navigate the challenges of being a new mom.
To alleviate discomfort after childbirth, take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for aches from pushing. Ibuprofen is often recommended while breastfeeding, as it has minimal impact on your baby and is effective against crampy pains. Additionally, hot showers, heating pads, or massages can help ease overall achiness.
Apply ice to the area every few hours within the initial 24 hours. Before and after urination, use warm water to prevent irritation of torn skin. Additionally, try warm sitz baths for about 20 minutes daily to alleviate discomfort. If a sitz bath isn’t available, a regular bath can suffice. It’s advisable to avoid prolonged periods of standing or sitting and sleeping on your side can be more comfortable.
While breastfeeding, it’s essential to continue taking your prenatal vitamins. These supplements contain crucial nutrients like folic acid, iron, and calcium, which can help replace lost nutrients during pregnancy and support your body’s healing process after childbirth.
After childbirth, many women experience weakened pelvic floor muscles, which can lead to difficulties controlling the bladder. To address this issue, you can perform Kegel exercises.
After giving birth, your first bowel movement may take some time, so it’s important not to force it. Avoid straining during bowel movements, as it can lead to severe haemorrhoids, delay healing of the perineum, and increase the risk of incisional hernias, particularly in the postpartum period.
To help things along, consume plenty of fibre-rich foods like whole grains, fruits such as kiwis, and leafy green vegetables. Taking walks can also encourage bowel movements. Additionally, consider discussing the use of gentle stool softeners with your doctor.
Apply warm compresses or ice packs and gently massage the breasts to alleviate discomfort. Wear a comfortable nursing bra and allow your breasts to air out after nursing sessions. Applying lanolin cream can help prevent or treat cracked nipples.
Being patient with yourself as you adjust to life with a newborn is important. Allow yourself to experience a range of positive and negative emotions, as this is normal. Don’t hesitate to seek support from others if you need it, as there’s no shame in asking for help during this significant life transition.
Ask your family, friends, or neighbours for help with tasks or emotional support. Whether it’s taking a nap or going for a walk, having assistance can provide much-needed relief for your mental and physical well-being during this challenging time.
Focus on a balanced diet of five smaller meals throughout the day. To combat fatigue and alleviate constipation, incorporate complex carbohydrates and protein for sustained energy and fibre-rich foods like fruits, leafy greens, and whole grains to prevent haemorrhoids. Opt for snacks like whole wheat toast with peanut butter, carrots with hummus, or yoghurt with berries for antioxidants. Stay hydrated by drinking at least 64 ounces of water daily.
Checking in with your doctor is crucial to ensure your body is healing properly after childbirth. Your OB/GYN can provide medical guidance and support, addressing physical concerns. Additionally, they can offer emotional support and guidance, helping you navigate the challenges of being a new mom.
As you recover from childbirth, it’s vital to pay close attention to how your body feels. While some discomfort is expected during this time, excessive pain could signify a more serious issue. It’s essential not to overlook your health needs while caring for your newborn. Even after delivery, there’s a possibility of experiencing health complications, some of which could be severe.
Excessive bleeding after childbirth, known as postpartum haemorrhage, is rare but can occur. If you notice that your postpartum bleeding fills more than a pad every hour, it’s important to contact your doctor immediately. Without prompt treatment, this condition can become life-threatening.
When a blood clot forms in a deep vein, it’s called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It is a rare condition that can arise during or after pregnancy, and symptoms may include leg pain resembling a pulled muscle, redness, and warmth in the affected area. If not addressed, these clots can break away and travel to the lungs, posing a serious risk to your health.
Persistent and severe headaches, particularly when accompanied by high blood pressure, can indicate a potential health issue. This combination could suggest an increased risk of having a stroke, which is a serious medical emergency.
After childbirth, preeclampsia is a rare condition that can occur after childbirth, typically within the first 48 hours to six weeks postpartum. It shares similarities with the condition during pregnancy but develops after delivery.
Contact your healthcare provider if you experience any of these postpartum symptoms.
It’s also essential for you to have certain postpartum necessities ready at home for when you leave the hospital. These items will help you feel more comfortable and supported as you heal after childbirth.
It’s difficult to predict precisely when your menstrual cycle will resume after childbirth because every individual’s experience varies. If you’re bottle-feeding your baby or using a combination of bottle-feeding and breastfeeding, your first period might return as early as 5 to 6 weeks after delivery. However, if you exclusively breastfeed, including feeding during the night, without supplementing with bottle feeds, your periods may not resume until you begin to decrease breastfeeding.
Recovery after vaginal birth is the period when your body and vagina heal from cuts, tears, and adjustments in the pelvic bones to accommodate childbirth. It’s essential to be patient as this process takes time, typically 6 to 8 weeks, although it can vary for each person.
Don’t expect your body to return to its pre-pregnancy state immediately. Recovery may be challenging but focus on taking care of yourself by eating well, resting, and staying positive. Hormonal fluctuations are common during this time, so regular check-ups with your doctor are important to monitor your progress.
After childbirth, postpartum bleeding, known as lochia, can persist for up to six weeks as the body heals. This bleeding, which consists of leftover blood, uterine tissue, and mucus, is a natural part of the recovery process and is generally not cause for concern. Initially, bleeding is heaviest in the first three to 10 days, gradually transitioning from red to pink, brown, and yellowish-white.
However, large clots or bleeding through more than one pad per hour may indicate postpartum haemorrhage, a rare but serious complication that requires immediate medical attention. It typically occurs within the first day after childbirth but can also occur within the first 12 weeks post-delivery.
By around six weeks after giving birth, your vagina, perineum (the area between the vagina and anus), or C-section incision should be healed, and your uterus should have returned to its pre-pregnancy size. During these initial weeks, you’ll likely experience various changes, including fatigue and hormone fluctuations.
However, it’s important to note that recovery doesn’t stop after six weeks, and you may continue to notice changes in your body and emotions. For instance, if you developed varicose veins during pregnancy, it could take up to 12 weeks for them to fade or disappear entirely.
After giving birth, women may experience cramping pain and discomfort as the uterus contracts and returns to its normal size before pregnancy. These pains typically last for two to three days after childbirth. Women who have previously given birth are more likely to experience these after-birth pains. Additionally, breastfeeding can stimulate the uterus to contract further, which may intensify the severity of the pains.
It’s difficult to predict precisely when your menstrual cycle will resume after childbirth because every individual’s experience varies. If you’re bottle-feeding your baby or using a combination of bottle-feeding and breastfeeding, your first period might return as early as 5 to 6 weeks after delivery. However, if you exclusively breastfeed, including feeding during the night, without supplementing with bottle feeds, your periods may not resume until you begin to decrease breastfeeding.
Recovery after vaginal birth is the period when your body and vagina heal from cuts, tears, and adjustments in the pelvic bones to accommodate childbirth. It’s essential to be patient as this process takes time, typically 6 to 8 weeks, although it can vary for each person. Don’t expect your body to return to its pre-pregnancy state immediately. Recovery may be challenging but focus on taking care of yourself by eating well, resting, and staying positive. Hormonal fluctuations are common during this time, so regular check-ups with your doctor are important to monitor your progress.
After childbirth, postpartum bleeding, known as lochia, can persist for up to six weeks as the body heals. This bleeding, which consists of leftover blood, uterine tissue, and mucus, is a natural part of the recovery process and is generally not cause for concern. Initially, bleeding is heaviest in the first three to 10 days, gradually transitioning from red to pink, brown, and yellowish-white.
However, large clots or bleeding through more than one pad per hour may indicate postpartum haemorrhage, a rare but serious complication that requires immediate medical attention. It typically occurs within the first day after childbirth but can also occur within the first 12 weeks post-delivery.
By around six weeks after giving birth, your vagina, perineum (the area between the vagina and anus), or C-section incision should be healed, and your uterus should have returned to its pre-pregnancy size. During these initial weeks, you’ll likely experience various changes, including fatigue and hormone fluctuations.
However, it’s important to note that recovery doesn’t stop after six weeks, and you may continue to notice changes in your body and emotions. For instance, if you developed varicose veins during pregnancy, it could take up to 12 weeks for them to fade or disappear entirely.
After giving birth, women may experience cramping pain and discomfort as the uterus contracts and returns to its normal size before pregnancy. These pains typically last for two to three days after childbirth. Women who have previously given birth are more likely to experience these after-birth pains. Additionally, breastfeeding can stimulate the uterus to contract further, which may intensify the severity of the pains.
1. American Pregnancy Association: Postpartum Recovery.
2. Family doctor: Recovering from Delivery (Postpartum Recovery).
3. Health Partners: What to expect after giving birth and the postpartum recovery process.
4. Mayo Clinic: Labour and delivery, postpartum care.
5. Nemours KidsHealth: Recovering From Delivery.
6. NHS: Episiotomy and perineal tears
7. O’Malley, D., Higgins, A., Begley, C., Daly, D. and Smith, V., 2018. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with sexual health issues in primiparous women at 6 and 12 months postpartum; a longitudinal prospective cohort study (the MAMMI study). BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), pp.1-13.
8. Ulubay, M., Keskin, U., Fidan, U., Ozturk, M., Bodur, S., Yılmaz, A., Kinci, M.F. and Yenen, M.C., 2016. Safety, efficiency, and outcomes of perineoplasty: treatment of the sensation of a wide vagina. BioMed research international, 2016.
9. WebMd: Vaginal Delivery Recovery.
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